Executive Summary India’s clean‑energy manufacturing landscape is entering a defining moment. The Union Budget 2026–27 signals a strategic shift toward building world‑class capabilities in EV battery production and solar panel manufacturing, two industries that will shape the country’s energy security and global competitiveness over the next decade. With a blend of customs duty reforms, significant capital investments, and targeted industrial schemes, the government is la

Executive Summary India's data centre and cloud infrastructure sector is experiencing unprecedented growth, driven by explosive data generation, digital transformation across industries, and fiscal incentives introduced in the Union Budget 2026. India generates approximately 20% of global data yet hosts only 5.5% of global data center capacity, creating a significant demand-supply gap and compelling investment opportunity. The 21-year tax holiday, in effect until 2047,

Executive Summary India's pharmaceutical sector continues to demonstrate robust growth momentum, with the market reaching USD 50.41 billion in 2024 and growing at approximately 10% annually. As the world's third-largest pharmaceutical market by volume and 11th largest value, India supplies approximately 20% of global generic medicine demand. The Union Budget 2026-27 introduces transformational measures aimed at positioning India as a global biologics and biosimilars hub t

Executive Summary India's care economy sector stands at a transformative juncture, driven by rapid demographic aging and Budget 2026-27's landmark policy interventions. The geriatric care market, though fragmented and volatile, demonstrates significant long-term potential, with projections indicating substantial growth through 2033. The Union Budget 2026-27 introduces three critical initiatives aimed at formalising and scaling the care ecosystem: Divyang Sahara Yojana, Al

Executive Summary The Budget 2026-2027 proposes significant relief to victims of motor vehicle accidents and their legal heirs by introducing a complete tax exemption on interest awarded by the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal (MACT) under the Motor Vehicles, 1988. This measure eliminates both the tax liability on such interest income and the requirement for Tax Deduction at Source (TDS), providing substantial financial and administrative relief to victims who are often not r

Employment and Workplace Use of AI The use of Artificial Intelligence (“ AI ”) has evolved from a costly experimental technology into an essential, cost-effective operational mainstay for organisations across industries, including in India. It now drives tasks like resume screening, interview scheduling, performance reviews, job satisfaction analysis, attrition forecasting, and even redundancy determinations. Given India's intricate employment law framework spanning centr

Introduction India’s regulatory ecosystem is proactively shaping AI governance without a standalone AI Act, leveraging robust sectoral frameworks to ensure innovation thrives alongside accountability. As of February 2026, there is no dedicated, comprehensive AI-specific legislation, with oversight emerging from the Information Technology Act, 2000, Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, and recent February 2026 amendments to IT Intermediary Rules targeting synthetica

From Policy Sutras to Sector Mandates: Mapping India's AI Governance Artificial Intelligence regulation in India is evolving into a principle‑based, techno‑legal framework that balances innovation with safety. For the IndiaAI Mission, the Union Budget 2026-2027 allocated INR 1,000 Crore for developing sovereign foundational AI models, supporting startups, building compute capacity (GPUs), and fostering responsible AI, shifting the focus from new institutions to diffusing

I. Regulatory Characterisation of AI: Product, Service, or Infrastructure A threshold legal question in assessing AI risk under Indian Law is the regulatory characterisation of artificial intelligence systems, specifically whether AI is to be treated as a product, a service, or a form of digital infrastructure. This classification is not merely academic; it directly determines the applicable liability standard, regulatory oversight, and enforceability of contractual risk

I. AI in Enterprise Contracts: Legal Framework The use of AI within enterprises for productivity-related functions, including legal drafting, automated negotiation processes, and large-scale data analysis, is presently regulated in India through existing statutory frameworks rather than through any AI-specific legislation. Indian law does not yet recognise a distinct legal regime governing AI-enabled contracts or the general deployment of AI in commercial operations. None

NBFCs that do not require RBI registration in India 1. The starting point: when is registration required? A company is treated as an NBFC if it satisfies the principal business criteria (commonly referred to as the “50-50 test”) and carries on the business of a non-banking financial institution. If it qualifies as an NBFC, it ordinarily requires a Certificate of Registration (CoR) under section 45IA of the RBI Act, 1934. The RBI’s consolidated framework for this is set out in

Executive Summary On September 15, 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (“ RBI ”) issued a single, consolidated Master Direction (“ MD ”) to regulate Payment Aggregators (“ PAs ”) operating in India, bringing together rules for online, physical/point of sale and cross-border aggregation in a coherent framework. The MD applies to all banking, non-banking (Indian), and scheduled commercial banking entities that interact with the three categories of PAs: physical, online and cross-

Introduction The Reserve Bank of India (“ RBI ”), exercising the powers granted by the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, RBI Act, 1934 and the National Housing Bank Act, 1934, and in the public interest, issued the new Non-Fund-Based (“ NFB ”) Credit Facilities Directions, 2025 (“ NFC Directions ”). These NFC Directions represent a landmark reform in the management of credit guarantees, letters of credit, and co-acceptances. The resultant overhaul aims to bring consistency, tra

The Indian Context: From Caution to Strategic Engagement For over a decade, India's approach to foreign bank presence remained restrictive. Despite the 2005 roadmap allowing foreign banks to choose between branch and wholly owned subsidiary modes, not a single foreign bank selected the subsidiary route. The preference for branch presence reflected a fundamental asymmetry: foreign banks gained market access while India bore limited jurisdiction and control over these entitie

Introduction The Reserve Bank of India’s Master Direction on Cash Reserve Ratio (“ CRR ”) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (“ SLR ”), 2025 (“ Directions ”) represents a recalibration of the liquidity regulation ecosystem that underpins India’s banking stability. This framework aims to consolidate a patchwork of circulars and notifications into a single, coherent directive bringing long-overdue clarity to two of the most foundational prudential tools in RBI’s monetary policy ar

Securities and Exchange Board of India’s (“ SEBI ”) “accredited investor” framework in the Alternative Investment Funds (“ AIF ”) space is built around a simple trade-off: once all investors in a scheme are demonstrably sophisticated, SEBI is prepared to step back from some standardised protections and allow greater freedom of contract. The SEBI (AIFs) (Third Amendment) Regulations, 2025 (“ Third Amendment ”) crystallise this idea through a new label called the “Accredited In

Introduction The Reserve Bank of India (“ RBI ”) has, over time, moved from scattered circulars to a structured framework for regulating who may own shares in an Indian bank, how much they may own, and how far those shares may translate into voting power. The previous position for “banking companies” was set out in the Master Direction – Reserve Bank of India (Acquisition and Holding of Shares or Voting Rights in Banking Companies) Directions, 2023 (“ 2023 Directions ”), re

Introduction With the rapid growth of digital payments in India, safeguarding transactions has become one of our top priorities. On September 25, 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (“ RBI ”) introduced new guidelines - RBI (Authentication mechanisms for digital payment transactions) Directions, 2025 (“ Directions 2025 ”) for authentication mechanisms for digital payment transactions. From April 1, 2026, all Payment System Providers and Payment System Participants, including bank

The Reserve Bank of India (“ RBI ”) has released its Draft Directions on Lending to Related Parties for Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), 2025, inviting public feedback by October 31st, 2025. These proposed norms aim to tighten oversight, eliminate regulatory arbitrage, and bring India's NBFC sector closer to global standards of transparency and accountability. For banking and financial services industries, this is more than a compliance update, it's a strategic inflec

The Reserve Bank of India's (“ RBI ”) Commercial Banks – Governance Directions, 2025 (“Directions”) mark a decisive shift in how Indian banks are expected to approach power, responsibility, and risk. Far from being a mere consolidation of circulars, Directions aim to transform governance from a checklist exercise into an institutional culture rooted in independence, accountability, and an explicit alignment between risk and reward. A New Architecture of Accountability The Dir